Research date: 2026-09-30. Author: research agent (stream 06). Status: final for this session (version 2; supersedes the interim version written earlier the same day).
Evidence marks used in every table
- V = verified by me this session in a primary source (law portal, city/agency page or brochure, pages of the standard itself in an official preview or official annex, publisher catalogue page).
- S = secondary source (agency, municipal, manufacturer, association or lecture document that reproduces the table; search-result snippet of a primary page whose body could not be read).
- R = recalled from training knowledge, not verified this session. A lead, not a value to ship.
Method caveats
- DIN/VDI/DWA/ISO full texts are paywalled, so coefficient values from standards are mostly S (reproductions). Row labels are shortened/paraphrased; numbers are as read.
- The session's shared web-search budget ran out midway; later items rely on direct fetches of known URLs. Several pages could only be read through the fetch tool's text extraction (marked where it matters).
- Nothing was purchased, no accounts were created. Temporary render files of one PDF page (for colour sampling) lie in the session scratchpad.
Edition watchlist (things that changed 2023–2026)
| Document | State found on 2026-09-30 | Mark |
|---|---|---|
| Berlin BFF factor list | 16 types, brochure "Berlin, Februar 2021"; no later revision found | V |
| DWA-A 138-1 | new edition October 2024, replaces DWA-A 138 (April 2005); DWA-M 138-2 draft October 2025 | V / S |
| DIN 1986-100 | 2016-12 still valid (as of March 2026); draft 2025-06 with re-differentiated runoff coefficients | V / S |
| DIN 18920 | 2026-06 current, replaces 2014-07 | V |
| DIN 1356-1 | 2024-04 withdrawn → DIN EN ISO 7519:2025-01 current → draft E DIN 1356-1:2026-09 to bring DIN 1356-1 back | V |
| DIN 4023 | 2023-02 current | V |
| DIN EN ISO 128-2 | 2023-06 current | S |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 1 | 2026-10 "Klima in der räumlichen Planung", replaces 2015-09 and Blatt 9:2004-12 | V |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 12 (visualisation, colours) | project, possible publication 2027-03 | V |
| PlanZV | last amended 12 Aug 2025 | V |
| BayBO Art. 81 (municipal Satzungen) | new wording in force since 1 Oct 2025 | V |
| BS 5837 (UK) | 2012 edition valid; revision expected November 2026 | V |
A. Coefficients attached to surface / habitat types#
A1. Biotopflächenfaktor (BFF, biotope area factor) Berlin#
Definition (V): BFF = naturhaushaltswirksame Fläche / Grundstücksfläche (ecologically effective area ÷ plot area). Each sub-area is multiplied by its Anrechnungsfaktor (weighting factor, 0–1); roof, façade and infiltration credits are added on top of the ground areas. Set as a binding target in district BFF-Landschaftspläne.
Revision history
| Step | Content | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dec 1990 | Gutachten (Landschaft Planen & Bauen + Becker Giseke Mohren Richard): 9 Flächentypen, Ziel-BFF | V | https://www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/_assets/natur-gruen/landschaftsplanung/bff-biotopflaechenfaktor/auszug_bff_gutachten_1990.pdf |
| Dec 2019 | Flächentypen for Dach- und Vertikalbegrünung newly differentiated | S (search snippet of the berlin.de page "BFF-Berechnung"; page body not readable by the fetch tool) | https://www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/natur-und-gruen/landschaftsplanung/bff-biotopflaechenfaktor/bff-berechnung/ |
| 2020 / Feb 2021 | remaining types re-evaluated (IASP studies 2018–2020); 9 → 16 types in four categories | V (brochure, imprint "Berlin, Februar 2021", SenUVK; Bearbeitung D. Melzer & S. Herfort, IASP) | https://www.berlin.de/sen/uvk/_assets/natur-gruen/landschaftsplanung/bff-biotopflaechenfaktor/broschuere_bff_als_oekologisches_planungsinstrument.pdf |
| Transitional rule | BFF-Landschaftspläne festgesetzt before 2020 refer to the factor list "vor Dezember 2019" and stay valid in that form | V | same brochure, p. 23 |
| 2022–2026 | no further revision found | not verified beyond the Feb 2021 brochure | n/a |
Current list (brochure Feb 2021), 16 Flächentypen. All rows V (brochure pp. 7–18, re-read at the end of the session).
| # | Kategorie | Flächentyp (DE) | English gloss | Criteria / examples (shortened) | Faktor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wege- und Verkehrsflächen | Versiegelte Belagsflächen | sealed paving | air- and/or water-impermeable, no vegetation: Beton, Asphalt, Terrazzo, Keramik, Platten/Pflasterung mit Unterbau oder Fugenverguss, wasserundurchlässige Kunststoffbeläge | 0,0 |
| 2 | " | Teilversiegelte Belagsflächen | partially sealed paving | partly permeable, no planned vegetation: Groß- und Kleinsteinpflaster, Klinker, Holzpflaster, Betonverbundsteine und Platten, wassergebundene Decken, offener verdichteter Boden, durchlässige Kunststoffbeläge; also vegetated pavings under high use intensity (N2, N3 per FLL 2018) | 0,1 |
| 3 | " | Durchlässige Belagsflächen | permeable paving | highly permeable, no planned vegetation: Gittersteine mit sehr groben Fugenmaterialien, Sickerpflastersteine, Dränsteine, Pflastersteine mit sehr hoher Sickerleistung, Sandflächen, Schotter | 0,2 |
| 4 | " | Begrünte Belagsflächen | vegetated paving | permeable, with planned and permanently established vegetation and low use intensity: Rasenklinker, Rasenschotter, Holzpflaster mit hohem Fugenanteil, Pflaster mit Rasenfugen, Rasengitter, Rasengittersteine | 0,4 |
| 5 | Vegetationsflächen | Vegetationsfläche mit Bodenanschluss | vegetation connected to natural soil | no restriction of root space | 1,0 (may be reduced by up to 0,5 where only low, unstructured vegetation is established, e.g. Zierrasen) |
| 6 | " | Unterbaute Vegetationsfläche, geringe Substratmächtigkeit | vegetation over structure, shallow | 20–40 cm substrate (lawn, small shrubs, perennials on Kellerdecken/Tiefgaragen) | 0,5 (no down-rating) |
| 7 | " | … mittlere Substratmächtigkeit | medium | 41–80 cm (hedges, large shrubs; permanent planters) | 0,6 (−0,1 if mainly low vegetation) |
| 8 | " | … hohe Substratmächtigkeit | deep | 81–150 cm (medium to tall trees) | 0,7 (−0,1 as above) |
| 9 | " | … sehr hohe Substratmächtigkeit | very deep | > 150 cm (very tall trees) | 0,9 (−0,1 as above) |
| 10 | Blaue Flächen | Versickerungsfläche | infiltration area | near-surface infiltration of runoff from external areas (e.g. roofs) on vegetated areas (Flächen-, Muldenversickerung; no purely underground systems); credited on the drained area | 0,2 |
| 11 | " | Wasserfläche | water surface | rain-fed ponds, artificial lakes, mires, wetlands | 0,5 (+0,1 with targeted vegetation) |
| 12 | Gebäudebegrünungen | Extensive Dachbegrünung | extensive green roof | substrate < 20 cm, no irrigation (moss, sedum, herbs, grasses) | 0,5 (+0,1 with technical water-retention system; no down-rating) |
| 13 | " | Einfach-intensive Dachbegrünung | semi-intensive green roof | substrate 15–50 cm, irrigable (herbs, grasses, perennials, small shrubs; Biodiversitätsdächer) | 0,7 (−0,1 if vegetation potential is not used) |
| 14 | " | Intensive Dachbegrünung | intensive green roof | substrate > 50 cm, irrigable | 0,8 (−0,1 as above) |
| 15 | " | Bodengebundene Vertikalbegrünung | ground-based façade greening | climbers rooted in soil; maximum countable height 10 m | 0,5 |
| 16 | " | Wandgebundene Vertikalbegrünung | wall-bound greening (living wall) | artificially irrigated systems; up to 20 m height, of which max. 10 m counted | 0,7 |
Types not listed may be credited if demonstrably beneficial; their factor is estimated from the listed types (V, brochure p. 6).
BFF-Zielwerte (targets), brochure p. 5, V
| Nutzung | Bauliche Änderungen: Überbauungsgrad (ÜBG) → BFF | Neubau |
|---|---|---|
| Wohnungen (reines Wohnen und Geschossmischung ohne gewerbliche Nutzung der Freifläche) | bis 0,37 → 0,6; 0,38–0,49 → 0,45; ab 0,5 → 0,3 | 0,6 |
| Gewerbliche Nutzungen | bis 1 → 0,3 | 0,3 |
| Kerngebietstypische Nutzungen | bis 1 → 0,3 | 0,3 |
| Öffentliche Einrichtungen (kulturell/sozial) | bis 0,37 → 0,6; 0,38–0,49 → 0,45; ab 0,5 → 0,3 | 0,6 |
| Schulen | bis 1 → 0,3 | 0,4 |
| Kindertagesstätten | bis 0,29 → 0,6; 0,3–0,49 → 0,45; ab 0,5 → 0,3 | 0,6 |
| Technische Infrastruktur | bis 1 → 0,3 | 0,3 |
ÜBG = share of the plot covered by buildings (0–1). "Bauliche Änderungen" = creating additional habitable rooms or increasing the ÜBG.
Worked examples from the brochure (pp. 19–22), usable as unit-test vectors (V). Plot 750 m², building 330 m² (ÜBG 0,43 → Ziel-BFF 0,45). Products are rounded to whole m² in the brochure.
| Scenario | Areas (m²) × factor | Sum | BFF |
|---|---|---|---|
| A (existing) | versiegelt 262 × 0; teilversiegelt 142 × 0,1; Vegetation mit Bodenanschluss 16 × 1 | 30 | 30 : 750 = 0,04 |
| B | teilversiegelt 32 × 0,1; durchlässig 48 × 0,2; begrünte Beläge 80 × 0,4; Vegetation 230 × 1; Regenwasserversickerung 320 × 0,2 | 339 | 0,45 |
| C | teilversiegelt 32 × 0,1; durchlässig 78 × 0,2; begrünte Beläge 80 × 0,4; Vegetation 176 × 0,8 (down-rated); Versickerung 220 × 0,2; extensive Dachbegrünung 35 × 0,5; intensive 100 × 0,8; bodengebundene Wandbegrünung 15 × 0,5 | 342 | 0,45 |
| D (Neubau) | teilversiegelt 25 × 0,1; durchlässig 54 × 0,2; begrünte Beläge 59 × 0,4; unterbaute Vegetation 81–150 cm 80 × 0,7; Vegetation 40 × 1; Wasser 10 × 0,5; einfach-intensive Dachbegrünung 225 × 0,7; intensive 100 × 0,8; bodengebundene Vertikalbegrünung 20 × 0,5; wandgebundene 100 × 0,7 | 457 | 0,6 |
Original 1990 list (9 types), V (Gutachten 1990, Kurzfassung pp. 7–8). Basis of older BFF-Landschaftspläne; keep as bff_1990.
| Flächentyp 1990 | Faktor |
|---|---|
| Versiegelte Flächen (Beton, Asphalt, Terrazzo, Keramik, Platten/Pflasterung mit gebundenem Unterbau oder Fugenverguss, wasserundurchlässige Kunststoffbeläge) | 0,0 |
| Teilversiegelte Flächen (Klinker, Groß-, Kleinstein-, Mosaikpflaster, Holzpflaster, Betonverbundsteine und Platten auf Sand-/Schotterunterbau, Sandflächen, Schotter, wassergebundene Decke, offener stark verdichteter Boden, durchlässige Kunststoffbeläge, Rasengittersteine ohne geschlossene Rasendecke) | 0,3 |
| Halboffene Flächen (Rasenklinker, Rasenschotter, Holzpflaster mit hohem Fugenanteil, Pflaster mit Rasenfuge, Rasengitter mit weitgehend geschlossener Rasendecke) | 0,5 |
| Vegetationsflächen ohne Anschluss an anstehenden Boden, unter 80 cm Bodenauftrag | 0,5 |
| Vegetationsflächen ohne Anschluss an anstehenden Boden, ab 80 cm Bodenauftrag | 0,7 |
| Vegetationsflächen mit Anschluss an anstehenden Boden | 1,0 |
| Regenwasserversickerung je m² Dachfläche | 0,2 |
| Vertikalbegrünung fensterloser Außenwände und Mauern (bis 10 m Höhe) | 0,5 |
| Dachbegrünung (extensiv und intensiv gleich) | 0,7 |
1990 targets (V): Wohnen im Bestand GRZ* ≤ 0,37 → 0,60; 0,38–0,49 → 0,45; ≥ 0,5 → 0,30; Wohnungsneubau ≥ 0,6; Gewerbe ≥ 0,3; Schulen by open area per pupil (≥ 25 m² → 0,5; ≥ 15 m² → 0,4; < 15 m² → 0,3).
Differences 1990 → 2021 that matter for a catalog: teilversiegelt 0,3 → 0,1; "halboffen" 0,5 → "begrünte Belagsflächen" 0,4; new class "durchlässig" 0,2 (Sand and Schotter move there from 0,3); roofs split 0,5 / 0,7 / 0,8 instead of flat 0,7; substrate classes 20–40 / 41–80 / 81–150 / > 150 cm instead of the single 80 cm threshold; water surfaces new.
A1b. Comparable instruments#
London, Urban Greening Factor (London Plan 2021, Policy G5, Table 8.2). Values S: Buckingham Town Council, Neighbourhood Plan Appendix E, which adopts the London Plan 2021 generic UGF model (london.gov.uk returned HTTP 403 to the fetch tool). Targets 0.4 (predominantly residential) and 0.3 (predominantly commercial). GLA "London Plan Guidance – Urban Greening Factor", February 2023 (S, title in search results). https://www.buckingham-tc.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/06-App-E-Urban-Greening-Factor.pdf ; primary (not readable): https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2023-02/London Plan Guidance - Urban Greening Factor.pdf
| Surface cover type (paraphrased) | Factor | Mark |
|---|---|---|
| Semi-natural vegetation (trees, woodland, species-rich grassland) | 1 | S |
| Wetland or open water (semi-natural, not chlorinated) | 1 | S |
| Intensive green roof or vegetation over structure, substrate ≥ 150 mm | 0.8 | S |
| Standard trees in connected tree pits (soil volume ≥ 2/3 of projected mature canopy area) | 0.8 | S |
| Extensive green roof, substrate ≥ 80 mm (or 60 mm beneath vegetation blanket), GRO Code 2014 | 0.7 | S |
| Flower-rich perennial planting | 0.7 | S |
| Rain gardens and other vegetated sustainable drainage elements | 0.7 | S |
| Hedges (line of mature shrubs, one or two shrubs wide) | 0.6 | S |
| Standard trees in pits with smaller soil volume | 0.6 | S |
| Green wall (modular system or climbers rooted in soil) | 0.6 | S |
| Groundcover planting | 0.5 | S |
| Amenity grassland (species-poor, regularly mown) | 0.4 | S |
| Extensive green roof of sedum mat / lightweight system not meeting GRO Code | 0.3 | S |
| Water features (chlorinated) or unplanted detention basins | 0.2 | S |
| Permeable paving | 0.1 | S |
| Sealed surfaces (concrete, asphalt, waterproofing, stone) | 0 | S |
Seattle Green Factor. Current minimum scores (V, city page as summarised by the fetch tool): Neighborhood Residential 0.60; Lowrise 0.60; Midrise/Highrise 0.50; Commercial/Neighborhood Commercial 0.30; Seattle Mixed 0.30; Industrial 0.30. Legal basis: SMC 23.86.019 Table A + SDCI Director's Rule 11-2020. https://seattle.gov/sdci/codes/codes-we-enforce-(a-z)/seattle-green-factor
Historical score sheet of 29 Feb 2008 (Ordinance 122311, commercial zones, minimum 0.30), V for that version only (official city score sheet hosted by US EPA): https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-07/documents/greenfactor_0.pdf
| Element (2008 sheet) | Factor |
|---|---|
| Soil depth < 24 in: lawn, grass pavers or ground covers | 0.2 |
| Soil depth < 24 in: plants and shrubs ≥ 3 ft at maturity | 0.3 |
| Soil depth > 24 in: lawn, grass pavers or plants < 3 ft | 0.7 |
| Shrubs > 3 ft (16 sq ft per plant) | 0.3 |
| Tree canopy "small" (50 sq ft/tree) / "small-medium" (100) / "medium-large" (150) / "large" (200) | 0.3 / 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.5 |
| Preserved "exceptional trees" or trunk > 24 in (250 sq ft/tree) | 0.6 |
| Permeable paving that drains only itself | 0.6 |
| Green roofs (≥ 4 in soil) / vegetated walls / water features or rain gardens | 0.7 each |
| Bonus: drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation or ≥ 50 % non-potable irrigation; bonus: visible to passers-by | 0.1 each |
Current multipliers of SMC 23.86.019 Table A: R, not verified (recalled: planted areas soil < 24 in 0.1, ≥ 24 in 0.6; bioretention 1.0; trees 0.3–0.4; preserved large trees 0.8; green roof 2–4 in 0.4, ≥ 4 in 0.7; vegetated walls 0.7; permeable paving 6–24 in 0.2, ≥ 24 in 0.5; structural soil 0.2). Do not ship.
Sweden, Grönytefaktor (GYF). S: Delshammar & Falck (2014), Grönytefaktorn i Sverige, SLU (Urban Transition Öresund), Tabell 1, p. 7 (re-read). Tilläggsfaktorer (bonus factors) not included. GYF = ekoeffektiv yta / hela tomtens yta. https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/11705/7/delshammar_t_falck_m_141216.pdf
| Delfaktor | Bo01 Malmö | Malmö stad et al. 2012 (Miljöbyggprogram Syd) | Stockholm Norra Djurgårdsstaden |
|---|---|---|---|
| Greenery on ground (NDS: not underbuilt) | 1,0 | 1,0 | 2,0 |
| Greenery on walls | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,4 (+ 0,3 integrated balcony boxes for hanging/climbing plants) |
| Green roofs | 0,8 | 0,4 (growing bed 40–80 mm); 0,6 (80–200 mm); 0,7 (200–800 mm) | 0,1 (50–300 mm); 0,4 (> 300 mm) |
| Growing bed on slab | 0,6 (< 800 mm); 0,8 (> 800 mm) | 0,9 (≥ 800 mm) | 0,2 (200–800 mm); 1,2 (≥ 800 mm) |
| Hard surfaces with joints | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,05 |
| Semi-open to open hard surfaces | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,2 (semi-open); 0,3 (open) |
| Water surfaces (ponds, streams, ditches) | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Sealed surfaces (täta ytor) | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
Typical target: Sundbyberg ≥ 0,5 (0,3 in central areas) (S, same report, Tabell 3).
Graz (AT), Verordnung über die Festlegung des Grünflächenfaktors, in force 20 July 2023, V (Austrian legal information system RIS, read through the fetch tool's extraction): https://ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Gemeinderecht/GEMRE_ST_60101_A17_BVO_109720_2023_0001/GEMRE_ST_60101_A17_BVO_109720_2023_0001.html
| Flächentyp | Faktor |
|---|---|
| Versiegelte / bebaute Flächen | 0 |
| Vegetationsflächen mit Bodenanschluss; Wasserflächen mit Bodenanschluss | 1,0 |
| Wasserflächen ohne Bodenanschluss (unbehandelt) | 0,8 |
| Dachbegrünung 15–20 cm / 21–50 cm / 51–70 cm / > 70 cm Substrat | 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,75 / 0,8 |
| Wege/Befestigung: begrünt, vollsickerfähig / durchlässig ohne Begrünung / teilversiegelt / vollversiegelt | 0,8 / 0,5 / 0,3 / 0 |
| Fassadenbegrünung (Länge × 50 % der Höhe, max. 6 m) | 0,3 |
| Baumbonus: Neupflanzung 5 m² je Baum (StU ≥ 16/18); erhaltenswerter Bestandsbaum Kronenfläche × 0,2 | n/a |
Required minimum by area type: 0,4 (Betriebsgebiete) … 0,8 (Blockrandbebauung, Grüngürtel).
German cities: quantitative Satzungen instead of a numeric factor
| City | Instrument | Key numbers | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frankfurt a. M. | Gestaltungssatzung Freiraum und Klima (Freiraumsatzung), beschlossen 30.03.2023, Amtsblatt Nr. 19 vom 09.05.2023, in force the day after | No factor. 1 Laubbaum (StU ≥ 14 cm at 1 m height) per started 200 m² Grundstücksfreifläche (from 50 m²); ≥ 10 % of the open area planted with shrubs; 1 tree per started 4 car parking spaces; roofs ≤ 20°: ≥ 12 cm Vegetationstragschicht (carports, garages, ancillary buildings ≥ 8 cm); Tiefgaragen ≥ 0,8 m (1,2 m within 2,5 m radius of trees); façades: ≥ 50 % of the area up to 3 m height greened, ≥ 50 cm planting strip; § 4(5): prefer surface materials that heat up less. Kies/Schotter beds, Rasengittersteine and Schotterrasen do not count as "begrünt". | V | https://www.bauaufsicht-frankfurt.de/fileadmin/Downloads__alle/Sonstige/Freiraumsatzung.pdf |
| Leipzig | Begrünungssatzung, in force 17.03.2024 | No factor. 1 Laubbaum (StU 18–20) per 150 m² Freifläche; greening of roofs/façades; Schottergarten ban | S (search snippets) | https://www.leipzig.de/buergerservice-und-verwaltung/aemter-und-behoerdengaenge/satzungen/details/satzung/6-28 |
| München | Freiflächengestaltungssatzung (1996) / Gestaltungs- und Begrünungssatzung (Stadtrecht 924) | No factor. § 3 no longer applied because of the BayBO amendment; revision announced (outcome not verified) | V (city page) | https://stadt.muenchen.de/infos/freiflaechengestaltung-in-muenchen.html |
| Bayern (all municipalities) | Art. 81 Abs. 1 Nr. 5 BayBO, new wording | Municipalities may by Satzung only prohibit Bodenversiegelung, nicht begrünte Steingärten and similarly monotonous uses with high thermal or hydrological load. The changes to municipal Satzungsrecht (Erstes Modernisierungsgesetz Bayern, GVBl. 2024 S. 605, §§ 11, 13) entered into force on 1 October 2025; older Freiflächengestaltungs-/Grünordnungssatzungen based on the former Nr. 5/7 lapsed (S). | V (wording: gesetze-bayern.de; date: StMB Vollzugshinweise 04.02.2025) / S (lapse) | https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayBO-81 ; https://www.stmb.bayern.de/assets/stmi/buw/baurechtundtechnik/24_baybo-vollzugshinweise_2025-modg-1-2.pdf |
| Hamburg | n/a | No city-wide Grünflächenfaktor found (Gründachstrategie 2014, green-façade strategy 2024). Could not verify any factor instrument. | S | https://www.hamburg.de/politik-und-verwaltung/behoerden/bukea/themen/hamburgs-gruen/gruendach-und-gruene-fassaden/ |
Consequence for a Bavarian user: a BFF-type factor is not a municipal legal instrument in Bavaria after 1 Oct 2025; it remains usable as an analytical indicator and inside Bebauungsplan/Grünordnung.
Helsinki Green Factor (viherkerroin): piloted 2014, formal use from 2016, Excel tool updated in the iWater project 2015–2018 (S). Element weights not retrieved. Wien: "Grünflächen- und Regenwassermanagementfaktor (GRF Wien)" exists (MA 22), not evaluated.
A2. Abflussbeiwerte (runoff coefficients)#
Cs = Spitzenabflussbeiwert (peak coefficient: pipe sizing, Überflutungsnachweis); Cm = mittlerer Abflussbeiwert (mean coefficient: retention/infiltration volume). Abflusswirksame Fläche A_u = A · C (A in plan projection).
DIN 1986-100:2016-12, Tabelle 9. Edition status: 2016-12 valid (V, DIN Media / Baunormenlexikon). Draft E DIN 1986-100:2025-06 (published 2 May 2025) differentiates the coefficients by roof type, greening and use and adds retention roofs; still a draft in March 2026 (S: ddh.de 10.03.2026). Publication of the new edition by 30.09.2026 not verified. Values S: "Hinweise und Auszug aus der DIN 1986-100:2016-12 (Abflussbeiwerte / Tabelle 9)", Eigen- und Wirtschaftsbetrieb Frankenthal, https://www.frankenthal.de/ewf/de/abwasser/grundstuecksentwaesserung/informationen-fuer-den-bauherrn/abflussbeiwerte-nach-din1986-100-2016-12.pdf?cid=3n5
| Nr. | Art der Fläche (shortened) | Cs | Cm |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wasserundurchlässige Flächen | ||
| Schrägdach: Metall, Glas, Schiefer, Faserzement | 1,0 | 0,9 | |
| Schrägdach: Ziegel, Dachpappe, Abdichtungsbahnen | 1,0 | 0,8 | |
| Flachdach (bis 3° / 5 %): Metall, Glas, Faserzement | 1,0 | 0,9 | |
| Flachdach: Dachpappe, Abdichtungsbahnen | 1,0 | 0,9 | |
| Flachdach: Kiesschüttung | 0,8 | 0,8 | |
| Begrünte Dachfläche: Extensivbegrünung, Neigung > 5° | 0,7 | 0,4 | |
| Begrünte Dachfläche: Intensivbegrünung, ab 30 cm Aufbau (≤ 5°) | 0,2 | 0,1 | |
| Begrünte Dachfläche: Extensivbegrünung, ab 10 cm Aufbau (≤ 5°) | 0,4 | 0,2 | |
| Begrünte Dachfläche: Extensivbegrünung, bis 10 cm Aufbau (≤ 5°) | 0,5 | 0,3 | |
| Verkehrsflächen: Betonflächen | 1,0 | 0,9 | |
| Verkehrsflächen: Schwarzdecken (Asphalt) | 1,0 | 0,9 | |
| Befestigte Flächen mit Fugendichtung (Pflaster mit Verguss) | 1,0 | 0,8 | |
| Rampen mit Neigung zum Gebäude | 1,0 | 1,0 | |
| 2 | Teildurchlässige und schwach ableitende Flächen | ||
| Betonsteinpflaster in Sand oder Schlacke verlegt; Flächen mit Platten | 0,9 | 0,7 | |
| Pflasterflächen mit Fugenanteil > 15 % (z. B. 10 × 10 cm) oder fester Kiesbelag | 0,7 | 0,6 | |
| Wassergebundene Flächen | 0,9 | 0,7 | |
| Lockerer Kiesbelag, Schotterrasen (z. B. Kinderspielplätze) | 0,3 | 0,2 | |
| Verbundsteine mit Sickerfugen, Sicker-/Dränsteine | 0,4 | 0,25 | |
| Rasengittersteine mit häufiger Verkehrsbelastung (z. B. Parkplatz) | 0,4 | 0,2 | |
| Rasengittersteine ohne häufige Verkehrsbelastung (z. B. Feuerwehrzufahrt) | 0,2 | 0,1 | |
| Sportflächen mit Dränung: Kunststoff-Flächen, Kunststoffrasen | 0,6 | 0,5 | |
| Sportflächen mit Dränung: Tennenflächen | 0,3 | 0,2 | |
| Sportflächen mit Dränung: Rasenflächen | 0,2 | 0,1 | |
| 3 | Wasserdurchlässige Flächen | ||
| Parkanlagen, Rasenflächen, Gärten, flaches Gelände | 0,2 | 0,1 | |
| Parkanlagen, Rasenflächen, Gärten, steiles Gelände | 0,3 | 0,2 |
All rows S. Note in the excerpt: Cm refers to a uniform return period T = 2 a (retention volume V_RRR); for the Überflutungsnachweis a higher coefficient may be needed on permeable areas (slope, soil, vegetation).
DWA-A 138-1 (Oktober 2024) "Anlagen zur Versickerung von Niederschlagswasser – Teil 1: Planung, Bau, Betrieb", Tabelle 9 "Empfohlene Abflussbeiwerte" (aligned with DIN 1986-100:2016, supplemented). Replaces DWA-A 138 (April 2005); 98 pp.; ISBN 978-3-96862-757-1 (V, DWA news page). Values S: project calculation sheet "Empfohlene Abflussbeiwerte nach DWA-A 138-1, Tabelle 9" (tram extension Nürnberg, planning documents at Regierung von Mittelfranken, software print 07.08.2025) and Mall GmbH training slides. https://www.regierung.mittelfranken.bayern.de/mam/service/planfeststellung/pls_bauernfeind/ul_18_3_nachweis_versickerung_rohrrigolen.pdf ; https://www.mall.info/fileadmin/user_upload/unternehmen/veranstaltungen/vortraege/schulung-dwa/baeurer-mall-online-schulung-dwa-a-138-1.pdf ; https://de.dwa.de/de/regelwerk-news-volltext/arbeitsblatt-dwa-a-138-1-anlagen-zur-versickerung-von-niederschlagswasser-teil-1-planung-bau-betrieb.html
Same values as the DIN table above, except / plus:
| Row in DWA-A 138-1:2024 Tab. 9 | Cm | Cs | Mark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schrägdach: Ziegel, Dachpappe | 0,9 (DIN: 0,8) | 1,0 | S |
| Oberirdische Gleisanlage, feste Fahrbahn | 0,9 | 1,0 | S |
| Kunststoffflächen von Sportplätzen (listed with the impermeable traffic areas) | 0,5 | 1,0 | S |
| Gleisanlage, Schotterbau mit durchlässigem Unterbau | 0,1 | 0,2 | S |
| Gleisanlage, Schotterbau mit schwach durchlässigem Unterbau | 0,4 | 0,6 | S |
| Dauerhaft eingestaute Wasserflächen | 1,0 | 1,0 | S |
| Sportflächen mit Dränung: Kunststoffrasen / Tennenflächen / Rasenflächen | 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,1 | 0,1 / 0,3 / 0,1 | S, printed like this in the project sheet, differs from DIN 1986-100 (0,5/0,2/0,1 and 0,6/0,3/0,2); check in the original before use |
Further content of DWA-A 138-1:2024 (S, Mall slides and the project sheet): assessment of connected areas by Belastungskategorien I–III analogous to DWA-A 102-2; design infiltration rate k_i = k · f_Ort · f_Methode with f_Methode e.g. 0,9 for a small test pit (< 1 m²) and a local factor f_Ort (0,8 in the example); typical design frequency for decentralised systems T = 5 a, surcharge factor 1,2 in the example. Older Bavarian practice notes (S, LfU slides on DWA-A 138:2005): favourable soil permeability range k_f 1·10⁻³ … 1·10⁻⁶ m/s; ≥ 1 m to mean highest groundwater level; swale design ponding ≤ 30 cm; vegetated topsoil ≥ 20 cm; no trees in swales/over infiltration trenches.
DWA-A 138 (April 2005), Tabelle 2 "mittlere Abflussbeiwerte ψm": superseded, still embedded in software and municipal forms. S: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt (Ref. 67), slides "Arbeitsblatt DWA-A 138 – Anwendung bei der Regenwasserbewirtschaftung in Bayern", slide 6, https://www.wwa-r.bayern.de/service/antraege/doc/dwa_a138_lfu.pdf
| Flächentyp | Art der Befestigung | ψm |
|---|---|---|
| Schrägdach | Metall, Glas, Schiefer, Faserzement | 0,9–1,0 |
| Ziegel, Dachpappe | 0,8–1,0 | |
| Flachdach (bis 3° oder ca. 5 %) | Metall, Glas, Faserzement | 0,9–1,0 |
| Dachpappe | 0,9 | |
| Kies | 0,7 | |
| Gründach (bis 15° oder ca. 25 %) | humusiert, < 10 cm Aufbau | 0,5 |
| humusiert, ≥ 10 cm Aufbau | 0,3 | |
| Straßen, Wege, Plätze (flach) | Asphalt, fugenloser Beton | 0,9 |
| Pflaster mit dichten Fugen | 0,75 | |
| fester Kiesbelag | 0,6 | |
| Pflaster mit offenen Fugen | 0,5 | |
| lockerer Kiesbelag, Schotterrasen | 0,3 | |
| Verbundsteine mit Fugen, Sickersteine | 0,25 | |
| Rasengittersteine | 0,15 | |
| Böschungen, Bankette, Gräben | toniger Boden / lehmiger Sandboden / Kies- und Sandboden | 0,5 / 0,4 / 0,3 |
| Gärten, Wiesen, Kulturland | flaches Gelände / steiles Gelände | 0,0–0,1 / 0,1–0,3 |
All rows S.
DWA-A 102-2 / BWK-A 3-2 (Dezember 2020; Korrekturblätter Okt 2021 and Aug 2022): pollution categories of source areas for discharge to surface waters. S: Mall GmbH "Zuordnung von Belastungskategorien" (Stand Feb 2021, quoting DWA-A 102-2, Dec 2020); AFS63 values from T. G. Schmitt, Rostocker Abwassertagung 2023. https://www.mall.info/fileadmin/user_upload/produkte/regenwasserbewirtschaftung/einbau-und-wartung/zuordnung-von-belastungskategorien-mit-mall-anlagen.pdf ; https://abwassertagung.auf.uni-rostock.de/docs/pub/p/RAT23-I-01_Schmitt_DWA-A_M_102_nachhalt_Bewirt_NSW.pdf
| Flächengruppe | Description (shortened) | Kategorie |
|---|---|---|
| D | all roofs ≤ 50 m² and roofs > 50 m² not falling under SD1/SD2 | I |
| VW1 | Fuß-, Rad- und Wohnwege; yard/path areas without motor traffic in sports and leisure facilities; residential yards without car washing; driveways of single houses; pedestrian zones without market stalls | I |
| V1 | yard and traffic areas in residential areas with low traffic (DTV < 300 or < 50 dwellings); low-frequency (private) parking | I |
| BG1 | ballasted track on open line and in stations up to 100 000 BRT/(d·track) | I |
| VW2 | market squares; areas with frequent open-air events; shopping streets in residential areas | II |
| V2 | yard/traffic areas outside mixed, commercial and industrial areas with moderate traffic (DTV 300–15 000); moderately used parking; yards in mixed/commercial/industrial areas with DTV < 2 000 | II |
| BF, BL, BG2 | airfield operating areas; farmyards; ballasted station track > 100 000 BRT/(d·track) or slab track up to 100 000 | II |
| SD1 | roofs with 20–70 % of materials causing significant pollution (e.g. uncoated metal) | II |
| V3 | traffic areas with DTV > 15 000; heavily used parking (retail); yards in mixed/commercial/industrial areas with DTV > 2 000 | III |
| SD2 | roofs with > 70 % of such materials | III |
| SV/SVW, SF, SL, BG3, SG, SA | special areas: storage and quarry access, aircraft washing/de-icing, large animal husbandry, heavy rail operation, waste and wastewater facilities | III |
All rows S. Rechenwerte flächenspezifischer Stoffabtrag AFS63: Kategorie I 280, II 530, III 760 kg/(ha·a); zulässiger flächenspezifischer Stoffaustrag 280 kg/(ha·a) → category I may be discharged untreated, II and III need treatment (S, Schmitt 2023).
Not retrieved: DWA-M 153 (August 2007) type table (superseded by A 102 for surface waters and by A 138-1 for infiltration; still referenced in Bavaria together with TRENGW, S); DWA-M 102-4 / BWK-M 3-4 (März 2022) Wasserhaushaltsbilanz with Aufteilungswerte a/g/v (runoff / groundwater recharge / evaporation shares) per surface and measure, existence V (UBA list), table not retrieved; DWA-A 117 / DWA-A 118 typical values, R only.
A3. Versiegelung (sealing): definitions and classes#
Umweltbundesamt (UBA): V (page updated 26.03.2026, read through the fetch tool): https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/flaeche-boden-land-oekosysteme/boden/bodenversiegelung
- Bodenversiegelung: the soil is covered air- and water-tight so that rainwater cannot infiltrate or only with difficulty.
- Full sealing: bebaut, betoniert, asphaltiert, gepflastert oder anderweitig befestigt; partial sealing: loosely laid slabs, paving, wassergebundene Decken (uncertainty acknowledged). There is no statutory three-class definition.
- About 45 % of the Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfläche (52 266 km² = 14,6 % of Germany) is sealed = 6,57 % of the territory; estimated by the LABO model (settlement density) and the UGRdL method (sealing shares per land-use type).
Berlin Umweltatlas 01.02 Versiegelung (Ausgabe 2017), Tab. 1 Belagsklassen: V (read earlier in the session; classes 1, 2, 4 also confirmed by a search snippet of the 2021 edition): https://www.berlin.de/umweltatlas/_assets/boden/versiegelung/de-texte/kd102.pdf . Berlin counts permeable pavings as "versiegelt" and separates bebaut versiegelt (buildings) from unbebaut versiegelt (pavements), the latter in four classes:
| Belagsklasse | Impact on Naturhaushalt | Belagsarten |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | extrem | Asphalt, Beton, Pflaster mit Fugenverguss oder Betonunterbau, Kunststoffbeläge |
| 2 | hoch | Kunststein- und Plattenbeläge (Kantenlänge > 8 cm), Betonverbundpflaster, Klinker, Mittel- und Großpflaster |
| 3 | mittel | Klein- und Mosaikpflaster (Kantenlänge < 8 cm) |
| 4 | gering | Rasengittersteine, wassergebundene Decke (z. B. Schlacke, Kies-, Tennenfläche), Schotterrasen |
Berlin water-balance model ABIMO, parameters per Belagsklasse (Umweltatlas 02.13, text edition 2005, Tab. 2), V (read earlier in the session; identical to the default ABIMO configuration known to me): https://www.berlin.de/umweltatlas/_assets/wasser/wasserhaushalt/de-texte/ka213.pdf
| Klasse | Effektivitätsparameter n (Bagrov) | Infiltrationsfaktor F_i |
|---|---|---|
| Dachflächen | 0,05 | 0 |
| Belagsklasse 1 | 0,11 | 0,1 |
| Belagsklasse 2 | 0,11 | 0,3 |
| Belagsklasse 3 | 0,25 | 0,6 |
| Belagsklasse 4 | 0,40 | 0,9 |
(Long-term mean water balance, not design storms; the parameters are calibration values.)
bdla, "Der qualifizierte Freiflächengestaltungsplan" (Stand Juli 2022): V: the plan should prove the Versiegelungsgrad / Begrünungsanteil, as a rule in five classes: (1) Vegetationsflächen mit Erdanschluss, (2) begrünte Unterbauung, (3) teilversiegelte versickerungsfähige Flächen (e.g. Rasenpflaster, wassergebundene Wegedecke, Schotterrasen), (4) vollversiegelte undurchlässige Flächen (e.g. Asphalt, Ortbeton, fugenloses Verbundpflaster), (5) überbaute Flächen (buildings without or with extensive/intensive green roof). This is the most practical class scheme for a landscape-plan catalog. https://www.bdla.de/de/dokumente/bundesverband/freiraumplanung-und-staedtebau/1406-bdla-broschuere-fgp-stand-juli-2022/file
LfU Bayern, "Satellitengestützte Erfassung der Bodenversiegelung in Bayern": V (LfU page): Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfläche sealed 47 % (2000) and 51 % (2015); satellite-based, University of Würzburg; Kurzfassung and Langfassung 2015. https://www.lfu.bayern.de/umweltkommunal/flaechenmanagement/bodenversiegelung/index.htm . Ten Versiegelungsgrad classes per land-use form: S (search snippet), class limits not verified (report PDF exceeded the fetch size limit). Data hint (V, LfU Rheinland-Pfalz documentation): state agencies derive sealing degrees from the Copernicus High Resolution Layer Imperviousness Density 2018 (10 m raster).
A4. Albedo and emissivity per urban surface#
Citable, machine-readable default set: PALM model system 6.0 lookup tables (Leibniz Universität Hannover; land-surface model described in Gehrke et al. 2021, Geosci. Model Dev. 14, 5307), V (tables read through the fetch tool; spot-check before release): https://palm.muk.uni-hannover.de/trac/wiki/doc/app/land_surface_parameters ; https://palm.muk.uni-hannover.de/trac/wiki/doc/app/radiation_parameters . Broadband albedo at solar zenith angle 60° (after Briegleb et al. 1986; Briegleb 1992).
| Surface (PALM type) | Broadband albedo | Emissivity ε |
|---|---|---|
| Water (lake, river, pond, fountain) | 0,06 | 0,99 |
| Bare soil | 0,08 | 0,94 |
| Short grass (albedo type "short grassland/meadow/shrubland") | 0,25 | 0,95 |
| Tall grass (albedo type "medium/tall grassland/woodland") | 0,18 | 0,97 |
| Crops, mixed farming | 0,19 | 0,95 |
| Deciduous shrubs / evergreen shrubs | 0,25 / 0,23 | 0,97 |
| Deciduous broadleaf trees (mixed deciduous forest) | 0,17 | 0,97 |
| Evergreen needleleaf trees | 0,14 | 0,97 |
| Mixed forest / woodland | 0,18 | 0,97 |
| Asphalt (asphalt concrete) | 0,17 | 0,94 |
| Asphalt/concrete mix | 0,17 | 0,97 |
| Concrete (Portland concrete) | 0,30 | 0,98 |
| Sett (Kleinpflaster) | 0,17 | 0,93 |
| Paving stones / cobblestone | 0,17 | 0,97 |
| Gravel / fine gravel / pebblestone | 0,17 | 0,98 / 0,93 / 0,97 |
| Wood / woodchips | 0,17 | 0,94 / 0,97 |
| Tartan / artificial turf / clay (sports) | 0,17 | 0,97 / 0,94 / 0,98 |
| Building roof: standard / (very) bright / reflective | 0,07 / 0,30 / 0,60 | n/a |
All rows V. Caveat: in PALM every pavement type except concrete carries the same placeholder albedo 0,17, a model default, not a material measurement. For material differentiation use measured ranges:
| Material | Albedo range | Emissivity | Mark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asphalt | 0,05–0,20 | 0,95 | R (Oke 1987, Boundary Layer Climates, Table 8.4; taken over in Oke, Mills, Christen & Voogt 2017, Urban Climates, Cambridge UP). The asphalt range was confirmed by a search snippet; the tables themselves were not seen |
| Concrete | 0,10–0,35 | 0,71–0,90 | R |
| Brick | 0,20–0,40 | 0,90–0,92 | R |
| Stone | 0,20–0,35 | 0,85–0,95 | R |
| Tar-and-gravel roof | 0,08–0,18 | 0,92 | R |
| Grass (long → short) | 0,16–0,26 | 0,90–0,95 | R |
| Deciduous forest (in leaf) / coniferous forest | 0,15–0,20 / 0,05–0,15 | 0,97–0,99 | R |
| Water (small zenith angle) | 0,03–0,10 | 0,92–0,97 | R |
| Soil, dark wet → light dry | 0,05–0,40 | 0,90–0,98 | R |
| Extensive green roof | ≈ 0,15–0,25 | ≈ 0,95 | R (no single authoritative source) |
Recommendation: ship albedo and emissivity from PALM (one citable, consistent source) and keep albedo_range_lit as an unverified column until the Oke tables are checked.
B. Drawing and graphic standards#
B5. ISO 11091:1994 "Construction drawings: Landscape drawing practice"#
| Item | Finding | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISO edition | ISO 11091:1994, ISO/TC 10; no later edition found. ISO life-cycle stage not checked (iso.org returned 403) | V / not verified | https://www.iso.org/standard/19080.html |
| European adoption | EN ISO 11091:1999 (approved by CEN 20 May 1999), text of ISO 11091:1994 without modification | V | SIS preview (first 11 pages incl. the full convention table): https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/26398/ |
| German adoption | DIN EN ISO 11091:1999-10 "Zeichnungen für das Bauwesen – Zeichnungen für Außenanlagen (ISO 11091:1994); Deutsche Fassung EN ISO 11091:1999", 14 pp., ICS 01.100.30, status "current" | V | https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-en-iso-11091/21221528 |
| Scope | General rules plus graphical symbols and simplified representations ("conventions") for landscape drawings; Annex A lists applicable conventions from other ISO standards | V | preview p. 1 |
| General rules | Detail depends on required accuracy; production drawings dimensioned for setting-out; existing and proposed levels as spot levels and/or contours; conventions may be completed by text, abbreviations, additions; non-standardised conventions must be explained on the drawing | V | preview p. 1 |
Convention table (clause 3), described in words, all rows V (preview pp. 2–5). "Thin/thick" = the two line widths of the chosen line group. The standard is black-and-white; it defines no colours.
| Ref. | Element | Convention as drawn |
|---|---|---|
| 3.1 | Subdivision of plant beds / grass | thin dashed line; areas may be hatched or shaded |
| 3.2 | Tangent point / point of transition | two small open circles joined by a short line across the curve |
| 3.3 | Existing contour | thin continuous or thin dashed line |
| 3.4 | Proposed contour | thick continuous line; level value may be written on the line (also for 3.3) |
| 3.5 | No-cut / no-fill line | freehand thin chain line |
| 3.6 | Outline of areas to be protected | thick chain line; area may be hatched or shaded. Examples: square frame around the whole crown = tree to be protected; small frame around the stem = trunk to be protected |
| 3.7 | Outline of existing shrub and woodland areas | thin continuous irregular (looped, cloud-like) line |
| 3.8 | Outline of proposed shrub and woodland areas | thick continuous irregular line |
| 3.9 | General area to be removed | hatching of thin dashed diagonal lines; stated to be an alternative to ISO 7518 |
| 3.10 | Embankment (Böschung) | thin hachures down the slope, alternating long and short, shown only if contours are not used; top and bottom edges may be thin continuous lines |
| 3.11 | Direction of flow (land drains etc.) | thin continuous line with arrowhead in the direction of fall (cf. ISO 4067-6) |
| 3.12 | Fence | line crossed by pairs of short ticks; thick/thin continuous lines |
| 3.13 | Stile | two short thick parallel lines |
| 3.14 | Retaining wall | thick line (outer face) with short thin ticks on the retained side |
| 3.15 | Sheet pile | thick stepped (offset) line |
| 3.16 | Grass | light random stipple; may be replaced by text ("turfed", "grass-seeded") |
| 3.17 | Plant bed | dense regular dot screen; for hard-landscape drawings only |
| 3.18 | Proposed shrub/plant | solid dot at the plant position; spread may be shown; plants of one species linked by a thin line and annotated (number + name) or numbered against a schedule; single dots not needed for evenly distributed mass planting such as ground cover |
| 3.19 | Climber | solid dot with a small cross below, placed at the supporting structure; species may be linked |
| 3.20 | Existing hedge to be retained | thin irregular line (angular zigzag band) |
| 3.21 | Proposed hedge | thick irregular (wavy) line, (a) conventional double wavy line, (b) alternative with plant dots between the lines |
| 3.22 | Existing tree | crown circle in thin line and trunk circle in thick line, both approximately to scale; trunk = diameter 1 m above ground |
| 3.23 | Proposed tree | crown circle in thick line with a small cross in thin line at the centre; circle is not to scale and represents neither the crown at planting nor at maturity |
| 3.24 | Tree pit | square with thick border and thin dashed diagonals |
| 3.25 | Small unit paving | close parallel thin lines; "pattern is representational only" |
| 3.26 | Large unit paving | thin square grid; representational only |
| 3.27 | Cobbles | small irregular rounded outlines in thin line; representational only |
| 3.28 | Hose point | thick "#"-like sign |
| 3.29 | Sign | extra-thick bar (example: fixed to two poles) |
| 3.30–3.33 | Luminaire; + wall bracket; pole + arm; bollard/low-level | thick circle with thin diagonal cross; variants with bracket, pole and arm, letter B |
Clause 4 (V): new planting should be scheduled, name, classification/designation, root system, planting location, quantity; optionally height/girth, spread, form, cost; schedules may be split into trees, shrubs, other plants.
What clause 3 does not contain: no dedicated symbol for a single tree to be felled (removal = hatch 3.9 or ISO 7518), none for water surfaces or perennials as such, no colours. The portable semantic rule is: existing = thin; proposed = thick; protected = thick chain-line frame; removed = dashed diagonal hatch.
B6. Building-drawing standards#
DIN 1356-1, edition chain (changed three times in 2024–2026)
| Document | Content / status on 2026-09-30 | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| DIN 1356-1:1995-02 | "Bauzeichnungen – Teil 1: Arten, Inhalte und Grundregeln der Darstellung", withdrawn, replaced by 2024-04 | V | https://www.baunormenlexikon.de/norm/din-1356-1/77956a27-e598-4ce5-8733-f962cf6621de |
| DIN 1356-1:2024-04 | "Bauzeichnungen – Teil 1: Grundregeln der Darstellung", 29 pp.; clauses on line types, line widths, lettering, dimensioning, marking of cut surfaces, alterations of existing structures; refers to DIN EN ISO 128-2 plus its own Tabelle 2. Withdrawn, superseded by DIN EN ISO 7519:2025-01 | V | https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-1356-1/325728444 |
| DIN EN ISO 7519:2025-01 | "TPD – Baukonstruktionszeichnungen – Allgemeine Grundlagen für Übersichts-/Anordnungs- und Zusammenbauzeichnungen (ISO 7519:2024)", 44 pp.; replaces DIN ISO 7519:1992-09 and DIN 1356-1:2024-04; listed as current | V | https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-en-iso-7519/379472829 |
| E DIN EN ISO 7519:2025-03 + BAK statement (14.04.2025) | The Bundesarchitektenkammer objects that (a) ISO marks the site boundary with a dash-dot line, whereas German practice (Bauvorlagenverordnungen) uses a thick dashed line; (b) outlines of building parts above the section plane should stay a dotted line "as in DIN 1356"; (c) the Annex B hatches do not match German practice (masonry drawn like reinforced concrete; no hatches for seals or natural ground), a national annex is requested | V | https://bak.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/BAK-Stellungnahme-DIN-EN-ISO-7519_2025-03-Endf.pdf |
| E DIN 1356-1:2026-09 | Norm-Entwurf "Bauzeichnungen – Teil 1: Grundregeln der Darstellung", 29 pp.; intended to replace DIN EN ISO 7519:2025-01 and to reinstate the content of DIN 1356-1:2024-04, keeping its own marking of cut surfaces of building materials | V (as summarised from the DIN Media page) | https://www.dinmedia.de/de/norm-entwurf/din-1356-1/403956420 |
Practical conclusion: design against the DIN 1356-1 conventions (they are returning), not against the ISO 7519 Annex B hatches.
Line types, line widths and text heights for building drawings (DIN 1356-1 table): S: bauforumstahl, Arbeitshilfe 2.12 "Konstruktionszeichnungen", Tabelle 2 (reproduces the DIN 1356-1 table with line groups; edition not named there, content corresponds to the 1995 table): https://bauforumstahl.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Arbeitshilfe_02-12.pdf ; agrees with https://www.architektur-studieren.info/tipps/technisches-zeichnen-linien/
| Linienart | Anwendung | Liniengruppe I | II | III | IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assigned scale | ≤ 1:100 | ≤ 1:100 | ≥ 1:50 | ≥ 1:50 | |
| Volllinie | Begrenzung von Schnittflächen | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Volllinie | sichtbare Kanten und Umrisse; Schnittflächen schmaler/kleiner Bauteile | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 | 0,7 |
| Volllinie | Maß-, Maßhilfs-, Hinweis-, Lauflinien; vereinfachte Darstellungen | 0,18 | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 |
| Strichlinie | verdeckte Kanten und Umrisse | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 | 0,7 |
| Strichpunktlinie | Lage der Schnittebenen | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Strichpunktlinie | Achsen | 0,18 | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 |
| Punktlinie | Bauteile vor bzw. über der Schnittebene | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 | 0,7 |
| Maßzahlen | Schriftgröße (text height) | 2,5 | 3,5 | 5,0 | 7,0 |
All values in mm, all rows S. Groups II and III are the standard groups; group I only for drawings reduced 2:1 from group III, group IV for drawings that will be reduced (e.g. 1:50 → 1:100). Permitted scales: 1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:1, additionally 1:25 (S, same source). Hatches are drawn in the narrowest width (S).
Material hatches (Kennzeichnung von Schnittflächen): low evidence:
| Material | Motif | Mark |
|---|---|---|
| Boden (gewachsen) | groups of three short parallel diagonal strokes | S (cad-markt.de, describing DIN 1356-1:2024-04) |
| Kies / Sand | irregular dots, coarse for gravel (open circles), fine for sand | S / R |
| Beton unbewehrt | stipple with small triangles (CAD pattern) or broken diagonal hatch | S / R, sources differ |
| Stahlbeton | 45° diagonal hatch (CAD: combined with concrete stipple) | S / R |
| Mauerwerk | 45° parallel thin lines | S |
| Holz quer / längs | annual rings / wavy grain lines | S |
| Dämmstoff | wavy/loop line (soft), cross-hatch (hard) | S |
Colour fills are permitted in the 2024 edition if a legend is given (S). Traditional colours of the 1995 edition (Boden sepia, Beton olive green, Stahlbeton blue-green, Mauerwerk brown-red, Holz brown, Dämmung blue-grey): R, not verified.
DIN EN ISO 128-2: current edition DIN EN ISO 128-2:2023-06 (ISO 128-2:2022), replacing 2022-02 (S, DIN Media catalogue via search). Line-width series 0,13 – 0,18 – 0,25 – 0,35 – 0,5 – 0,7 – 1,0 – 1,4 – 2,0 mm (ratio 1 : √2) (R; consistent with the table above); wide : narrow = 2 : 1 within one line group; one line group per drawing (S). Lettering: ISO 3098 nominal sizes 1,8 – 2,5 – 3,5 – 5 – 7 – 10 – 14 – 20 mm (R).
DIN 4023: current edition DIN 4023:2023-02 "Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung – Zeichnerische Darstellung der Ergebnisse von Bohrungen und sonstigen direkten Aufschlüssen", replaces DIN 4023:2006-02; aligned with DIN EN ISO 14688-1, 14689 and 22475-1; rock symbols and colours updated; Tables 1–6 give Kurzformen, Zeichen, Farben; DIN 6164 colour codes in an informative annex (V, Baunormenlexikon abstract): https://www.baunormenlexikon.de/norm/din-4023/766114db-c24f-4bcd-b2e0-fcd8ca6ac252 Motifs and colours below: S: legend sheet "Kurzzeichen, Zeichen und Farbkennzeichen für Bodenarten nach DIN 4022 Teil 1 und DIN 4023" (CDM Smith 2019, federal waterway planning documents; i.e. conventions of the 2006 edition): https://www.gdws.wsv.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Planfeststellungsverfahren/700_Wehr_Neue_Muhle/Beilage_13/Anlagen_1-3/Anlage_3-1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 . Colour names and DIN 6164 codes from a search snippet (source page not opened).
| Bodenart | Kurzzeichen | Motif (as drawn in the legend) | Colour name (code), as rendered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steine | X | small lying ovals | pale yellow |
| Kies | G (gG, mG, fG) | open circles, size by grain class; coarse gravel with centre dot | gelb (2:6:1), pale yellow |
| Sand | S (gS, mS, fS) | dots, size by grain class | orange (6:6:2), light orange |
| Schluff | U | small paired wedge/triangle marks in rows | oliv (1:4:5), rendered light green |
| Ton | T | broken horizontal dashes | violett (14:5:4), light violet |
| Torf, Humus | H | short thick horizontal dashes | dunkelbraun: mid brown |
| Mudde, Faulschlamm | F (older sheets: M) | dashes with small marks | helllila: pink |
| Mutterboden (2023: Oberboden) | Mu | letters "Mu" scattered | gelblichbraun (4:5:3), light peach |
| Auffüllung | A | letters "A" scattered | white |
| Geschiebelehm / Geschiebemergel | Lg / Mg | diagonal lines with small circles (Mg with extra bar marks) | grey / pale blue-violet |
| Kohle; Asphalt; Beton | Bk; asp; zbt | black bars on brown; blank; diagonal hatch | n/a |
| Fels | Z | rock-type specific (changed in 2023) | not verified |
All rows S.
DIN 18915 (Bodenarbeiten): DIN 18920:2014-07 refers to "Bodengruppe 2 oder 3 nach DIN 18915" for fill in root zones (V). Current edition and soil-group table: R (2018-06), not verified.
DIN EN ISO 13567 (CAD layers), S (Wikipedia; standard not opened): ISO 13567-1:2017 (overview and principles) and ISO 13567-2:2017 (concepts, format and codes for construction documentation). Layer names are built from fixed-length fields, mandatory: agent responsible (2 characters), element (6), presentation (2); optional: status (1), sector (4), phase (1), projection (1), scale (1), work package (2), user-defined. Status codes: N new, E existing to remain, R to be removed, T temporary, O to be moved – original position, F to be moved – final position. The status field is the CAD counterpart of the status colours in B7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_13567
ISO 7518 / DIN ISO 7518: DIN ISO 7518:1986-11 "Zeichnungen für das Bauwesen; Vereinfachte Darstellung von Abriß und Wiederaufbau; identisch mit ISO 7518, Ausgabe 1983", 4 pp. (V existence, DIN Media catalogue via search; current status not checked). ISO 11091 (3.9) refers to it for removal. Content R: existing parts to be retained = thin continuous outline; parts to be demolished = outline marked with crosses (×); new parts = thick outline or hatch. The ×-on-outline motif is the one used by the Bavarian BauVorlV for "zu beseitigen" (V, below).
B7. Status colours Bestand / Neubau / Abbruch#
Bavaria: Bauvorlagenverordnung (BauVorlV) vom 10.11.2007 (GVBl. S. 792, BayRS 2132-1-2-B), Anlage 1 "Zeichen und Farben für Bauvorlagen" (zu § 7 Abs. 5 und § 8 Abs. 4): V (official image of the Anlage, text status "gültig ab 01.01.2025"): https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayBauVorlV2008-ANL_1 . § 8 Abs. 1: Bauzeichnungen in scale 1:100; § 8 Abs. 4: the signs or the colours of Anlage 1 are to be used (V: https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayBauVorlV2008-8).
| Nr. | Gegenstand | Zeichen (black-and-white sign) | Farbe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grenzen des Grundstücks | long-dash line | Violett |
| 2 | vorhandene bauliche Anlagen oder Bauteile (existing) | framed single diagonal hatch (falling left to right) | Grau |
| 3 | geplante bauliche Anlagen oder Bauteile (proposed) | framed diagonal cross-hatch | Rot |
| 4 | zu beseitigende bauliche Anlagen oder Bauteile (to be removed) | plain outline with × marks on the outline | Gelb |
| 5 | Flächen, auf denen Abstandsflächen nach Art. 6 Abs. 2 Satz 3 BayBO übernommen sind | open diagonal hatch (rising), no frame | Braun |
All rows V. Colours are named by word only, no RAL/RGB values are prescribed. The same triad grau / rot / gelb is used in other Länder (R, not checked Land by Land).
Trees in Baumbestandsplan / Freiflächengestaltungsplan: no codified colour standard exists. V (bdla brochure 2022, pp. 8, 11): existing trees are recorded with number, species, height, Stammumfang, Kronendurchmesser; trees to be retained are to be "highlighted" with tree number, reference to the Baumliste and protection measures (Schutzzaun, Stamm- und Wurzelschutz); trees to be felled are to be "marked" with number, reference and a short reason (abbruchbedingt / baubedingt / zustandsbedingt); new trees and shrubs with name, size and quantity; the plan is drawn at 1:100 (1:200 / 1:500 for large sites) and "geeignete Planzeichen in Anlehnung an die Vorgaben zu den Bauzeichnungen nach der Bauvorlagenverordnung des jeweiligen Bundeslandes" are to be used. Common office practice (R): retain = green or black crown circle with stem dot; fell = red or yellow crown circle, crossed out or dashed; new = thick circle with centre cross, often red or dark green. Defensible derivation for the library: ISO 11091 line semantics + BauVorlV colour triad (see Implications).
B8. Tree protection geometry#
| Rule set | Definition | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| DIN 18920:2014-07, 4.6 | Wurzelbereich = Bodenfläche unter der Krone (Kronentraufe) zuzüglich 1,50 m, bei Säulenform zuzüglich 5,00 m, nach allen Seiten; the fence must enclose the whole Wurzelbereich; if that is impossible, as much as possible including the open soil surface | V (norm text in a municipal annex) | https://www.nenndorf.de/assets/Uploads/VTA-Gutachten-Saeuleneichen-Anlage-DIN-18920.pdf |
| DIN 18920:2014-07, 4.5 | vegetation areas: fixed fence about 2,00 m high, lateral distance ≥ 1,50 m | V | same |
| DIN 18920:2014-07, 4.10 | trenches, pits, excavations: minimum distance from the root collar = 4 × Stammumfang (measured at 1,00 m height), for trees under 20 cm stem diameter at least 2,50 m; roots ≥ 2 cm diameter must not be cut; Wurzelvorhang where required | V | same |
| DIN 18920:2014-07, 4.12 | temporary loads in the root zone: separating geotextile, ≥ 20 cm load-spreading layer, plates | V | same |
| DIN 18920:2026-06 | Current edition (13 pp.), replaces 2014-07 (draft 2025-09). Changes: scope clarified, new clause "Begriffe", new clause on risks, separate clauses for Voruntersuchungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Schadensminimierung. Secondary summaries give the same rule (Kronentraufe + 1,50 m; Säulenform + 5,00 m; fence ≥ 2,0 m); wording of the 2026 text not verified | V (edition) / S (rule) | https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-18920/401448934 ; https://www.baunormenlexikon.de/norm/din-18920/80a4e772-a91b-4645-aa4f-db89f534563e |
| R SBB 2023 (FGSV 293/4) | "Richtlinien zum Schutz von Bäumen und Vegetationsbeständen bei Baumaßnahmen", Ausgabe 2023; replaces RAS-LP 4 (1999); introduced by BMDV ARS Nr. 28/2023 of 27.12.2023. Schutzbereich = Kronentraufe + 1,5 m on all sides; columnar trees + 5,0 m | V (existence, introduction) / S (rule: GALK summary) | https://galk.de/startseite/r-sbb-richtlinien-zum-baumschutz-auf-baustellen/ |
| BS 5837:2012 (UK) | root protection area: radius = 12 × stem diameter (at 1,5 m), area capped at 707 m² (circle of 15 m radius); multi-stem: √(Σ d²). Revision: draft Aug 2024, > 2 000 comments, publication expected November 2026; planting guidance moves to BS 8545 | S (rule) / V (revision status: Arboricultural Association) | https://www.trees.org.uk/News-Blog/Latest-News/BS-5837-the-revision |
Geometry for the library: root_zone = buffer(crown_polygon, 1.5 m) (columnar habit: 5.0 m); min_excavation_distance = max(4 · U, 2.5 m) from the stem (U = circumference at 1 m); optional rpa_bs5837 = circle(r = min(12 · d, 15 m)).
B9. Line, colour and label conventions in German plans#
Planzeichenverordnung (PlanZV) of 18.12.1990, last amended by Art. 6 of the Act of 12.08.2025 (BGBl. 2025 I Nr. 189), V: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/planzv_90/BJNR000580991.html . § 2: the Planzeichen of the Anlage are to be used, in colour or black-and-white; lines may be coloured; additional signs are allowed if explained; colour tone, line weight and density must leave the base map readable.
Colour words in the Anlage (V, two independent text extractions of https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/planzv_90/anlage.html ; the signs themselves are images):
| Nr. | Planzeichen | Colour word |
|---|---|---|
| 3.4 / 3.5 | Baulinie / Baugrenze | Rot / Blau |
| 6.1, 6.3 | Straßenverkehrsflächen; Verkehrsflächen besonderer Zweckbestimmung | Goldocker |
| 9 | Grünflächen (Parkanlage, Dauerkleingärten, Sportplatz, Spielplatz, Friedhof, Zeltplatz, Badeplatz as pictograms) | Grün mittel |
| 10.1 / 10.2–10.3 | Wasserflächen / Umgrenzungen für Wasserwirtschaft | Blau mittel / Blau dunkel |
| 12.1 / 12.2 | Flächen für die Landwirtschaft / für Wald | Gelbgrün / Blaugrün |
| 13.1–13.3 | Maßnahmenflächen; 13.2.1 Umgrenzung von Flächen zum Anpflanzen von Bäumen, Sträuchern und sonstigen Bepflanzungen; 13.2.2 … mit Bindungen für Bepflanzungen und für die Erhaltung …; Schutzgebiete | Grün dunkel |
| 15.13 | Grenze des räumlichen Geltungsbereichs des Bebauungsplans | Grau dunkel |
| 15.14 | Abgrenzung unterschiedlicher Nutzung | none |
Other conventions
- Text heights: 2,5 / 3,5 / 5,0 / 7,0 mm by line group (S, table in B6).
- Site boundary: thick dashed (long-dash) line, violet in Bavaria (V, BauVorlV; BAK statement).
- Contours, embankment hachures, fence, retaining wall, hedge: ISO 11091 signs 3.3, 3.4, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.20/3.21 (V).
- Stairs: the direction arrow is the Lauflinie (walking line) and need not be centred (V, BAK statement referring to DIN 18065).
- Cadastral signs (Flurstücksgrenze, Grenzpunkte, Flurstücksnummer, ALKIS building colours), spot-height symbols: not researched.
C. Urban-climate mapping conventions#
C10. VDI 3787 and thermal-load classes#
Edition status
| Guideline | Title | Edition / status | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VDI 3787 Blatt 1 (old) | Klima- und Lufthygienekarten für Städte und Regionen | 2015-09, 54 pp., withdrawn, replaced by VDI 3787 Blatt 1:2026-10 | V | https://www.dinmedia.de/en/technical-rule/vdi-3787-blatt-1/231797573 |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 1 (new) | Umweltmeteorologie – Klima in der räumlichen Planung | 2026-10 (issue date 01.10.2026), 65 pp., DE/EN; replaces Blatt 1:2015-09 and Blatt 9:2004-12; draft objection deadline was 31.01.2025 | V | https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-3787-blatt-1-umweltmeteorologie-klima-in-der-raeumlichen-planung |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 2 | Methoden zur human-biometeorologischen Bewertung der thermischen Komponente des Klimas | 2022-06 | V | https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klima-energie/klimafolgen-anpassung/anpassung-an-den-klimawandel/anpassung-auf-kommunaler-ebene/normen-technische-regeln-richtlinien-zur-anpassung |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 4 / Blatt 8 | Wind in built-up areas / Stadtentwicklung im Klimawandel (greening, ventilation, water management, technical measures) | 2020-12 / 2020-09 | V | same |
| VDI 3785 Blatt 1 | Methodik und Ergebnisdarstellung von Untersuchungen zum planungsrelevanten Stadtklima | 2008-12 | V | same |
| VDI-EE 3787 Blatt 13.1 | Hitzeaktionsplanung | 2025-04 | V | same |
| VDI 3787 Blatt 12 | Visualisierung klimatischer Analysen und Ergebnisse: is to standardise presentation (scales, colours) for 2D maps and 4D animations | Projekt, possible publication 2027-03 | V | https://www.vdi.de/mitgliedschaft/vdi-richtlinien/details/vdi-3787-blatt-12-umweltmeteorologie-visualisierung-klimatischer-analysen-und-ergebnisse |
So there is no published numeric colour standard for climate maps yet; Blatt 12 is where one is being prepared. The content of the new Blatt 1 (2026-10) could not be read.
Klimatope (microclimatically fairly homogeneous units named after dominant land use or building type), V: Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart (2008), pp. 148–151, and Städtebauliche Klimafibel ch. 5.7, both stating that signatures and symbols "entsprechen weitgehend der VDI-Richtlinie 3787 Blatt 1". https://www.region-stuttgart.org/fileadmin/Verband_Region_Stuttgart/Dokumentenshop/10_05_Klimaatlas/klimaatlas_148-154_klimaanalyse.pdf ; https://www.staedtebauliche-klimafibel.de/?p=60&p2=5.7
| Klimatop | Characteristics (shortened) | Legend colour in the Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart (sampled from the PDF legend swatches; overview map 6.1 / sheet map 6.2) |
|---|---|---|
| Gewässer-Klimatop | thermally balancing, humid, wind-open | blue #0070ff |
| Freiland-Klimatop | strong daily amplitude, intensive nocturnal cold/fresh-air production | very pale mint #c0ffe8 |
| Wald-Klimatop | strongly damped temperature and humidity course, filter function | green #4ce800 / #38a800 |
| Grünanlagen-Klimatop | parks: balancing effect on built surroundings, cold-air production | light yellow-green #d0ff74 / #a4ff74 |
| Gartenstadt-Klimatop | open 1–3-storey development with much green; noticeable night cooling | pale apricot #ffd480 |
| Stadtrand-Klimatop | denser development ≤ 3 storeys (or ≤ 5 storeys free-standing with green); night cooling strongly restricted | orange #ffa800 |
| Stadt-Klimatop | closed multi-storey development, little green; heat island, low humidity | light red #ff8080 |
| Stadtkern-Klimatop | dense, high inner-city development; pronounced heat island, poor air exchange | red #ff0000 / #e80000 |
| Gewerbe-Klimatop | like dense development; large traffic and parking areas, emissions | magenta #e800a8 / purple #a80084 |
| Industrie-Klimatop | large sealed areas, much higher emissions, heat island also at night | dark red #a80000 |
| Bahnanlagen-Klimatop | strong daytime heating, rapid night cooling, wind-open; mapped from about 50 m width | brown diagonal hatch #a87000 on a light ground |
Characteristics V. Colours: V for this atlas (values sampled from the vector legend, quantised to steps of 4, i.e. ±2 per channel; they look like default GIS palette colours), they are an example of the VDI-style colour logic, not normative VDI values.
Other map elements of the Stuttgart Klimaanalysekarte (V, legend): Kaltluftproduktionsgebiete and Kaltluftsammelgebiete as blue diagonal hatches in opposite directions; Kaltluftstau as thick blue line; Berg-/Talwindsystem and Hangabwinde as blue arrows (large/small); Luftleitbahn unbelastet = light grey arrow, belastet = black arrow; roads in three traffic-load classes as grey bands of different width; pictograms for commercial and domestic-heating emissions; wind roses. Klimatop boundaries are not parcel-sharp (tolerance up to 100 m). Planungshinweiskarte categories there: open spaces with significant / minor climatic activity, built-up areas with minor / significant climate-relevant function, areas needing remediation (V, Klimafibel).
Operational Klimatop classification (LfU Rheinland-Pfalz, Klimatopkarte; "nach VDI 3787 Blatt 1", style "lehnt sich an die VDI 3787 Blatt 1 an"): V: https://www.klimawandel.rlp.de/Kartenwerke_Klimaanpassung/data/Download/Dokumentation-Klimatopkarte_LfU_RLP.pdf
| Klasse | Rule (ATKIS land use + mean Versiegelungsgrad + mean building height from LoD1) |
|---|---|
| 1 Gewässer-, Seenklima; 2 Freilandklima; 3 Waldklima | directly from ATKIS |
| 4 Klima innerstädtischer Grünflächen | green areas with ≥ 50 % of their area inside the ATKIS Ortslage; cemeteries; sport, leisure and recreation areas |
| 5 Vorstadtklima | Versiegelung < 30 % and building height < 6 m |
| 6 Stadtrandklima | Versiegelung < 30 % and height > 6 m, or 30 % to < 70 % and height < 6 m |
| 7 Stadtklima | 30 % to < 70 % and height > 6 m, or > 70 % and height < 10 m |
| 8 Innenstadtklima | Versiegelung > 70 % and height > 10 m |
| 9 / 10 Gewerbe-, Industrieklima offen / dicht | Versiegelung < 70 % / ≥ 70 %; squares, airfields, ports and unvegetated waste land → class 9 |
| 11 Bahnverkehr; 12 Straßenverkehr | from ATKIS |
The data set (GeoPackage with embedded QGIS style, CC BY 4.0) contains a QML file with the agency's colours: https://www.klimawandel.rlp.de/Kartenwerke_Klimaanpassung/ (ZIP not opened, too large for the fetch tool). NRW uses the same ten classes (S, open.nrw metadata).
Thermal indices
| Index | Classes | Mark | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| PET (Matzarakis & Mayer 1996; used in VDI 3787 Blatt 2) | class limits 4 / 8 / 13 / 18 / 23 / 29 / 35 / 41 °C; heat side: 23–29 slight (schwache), 29–35 moderate (mäßige), 35–41 strong (starke), > 41 extreme heat stress (extreme Wärmebelastung); 18–23 no thermal stress | S (search snippets of papers reproducing the table) | e.g. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-6877-5_10 |
| UTCI | > 46 extreme; 38–46 very strong; 32–38 strong; 26–32 moderate heat stress; 9–26 no thermal stress; 0–9 slight; −13–0 moderate; −27 to −13 strong; −40 to −27 very strong; < −40 extreme cold stress | V | https://thermofeel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/guide/utci.html ; https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/indicators/thermal-comfort-indices-universal-thermal-climate-index-1979-2019 |
| Colours | no standardised colour scale for PET or UTCI classes found in a primary source | n/a | n/a |
Bavaria: LfU Schutzgutkarte Klima/Luft (state-wide climate analysis for the Landschaftsrahmenplanung): V (LfU pages): day indicator PET at 14:00, night indicator air temperature at 04:00; 100 m resolution; three cases (Bestand, schwacher Klimawandel, starker Klimawandel); Klimaanalysekarten combine heat load, cold-air production and flow, air quality; the Planungshinweiskarte rates all settlement areas on a five-level scale and green/open spaces by importance; data under CC BY 4.0 as PDF, GeoTIFF, Shape. Class limits and legend colours are in the Abschlussbericht (exceeded the fetch size limit), not verified. https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/schutzgutkarten/klima_luft/index.htm ; https://www.lfu.bayern.de/download/natur/schutzgutkarten/klimaluft_abschlussbericht.pdf
C11. Minimum dimensions for map graphics (Mindestgrößen)#
Could not be verified (no searches left; the Lexikon der Kartographie entry returned HTTP 403; Wikipedia articles contain no numbers). Recalled textbook values, R, from Hake/Grünreich/Meng, Kartographie (8th ed. 2002) and the Swiss Society of Cartography guideline on map graphics and generalisation: smallest line width about 0,05–0,08 mm in black and about 0,1 mm in colour; smallest gap between lines about 0,15–0,25 mm; smallest filled square about 0,3 mm, hollow square about 0,5–0,6 mm side length; smallest dot about 0,15–0,25 mm; smallest colour patch about 0,3–0,5 mm², pattern-filled area about 1 mm² or more; smallest lettering about 1,0–1,5 mm height (running labels ≥ 6 pt). On screens these values grow by a factor of roughly 1,5–3 (one CSS pixel ≈ 0,26 mm). Verify before writing them into the style guide.
Open points (not verified / not retrieved)#
- DWA-M 102-4 Aufteilungswerte (a/g/v) per surface and measure, needed for water-balance indicators.
- DIN 1986-100 successor: whether the 2025-06 draft became a standard by 09/2026 and with which coefficients.
- DWA-A 138-1:2024 Tabelle 9 in the original (all values S; sports-surface rows contradict DIN 1986-100).
- Climate colours: normative Klimatop colours of VDI 3787 Blatt 1 (2015 and 2026 editions), PET/UTCI class colours, LfU Bayern Schutzgutkarte class limits and legend; the RLP QML style file.
- Minimum dimensions for map graphics: only recalled values.
- Cadastral/survey signs (ALKIS-Signaturenkatalog, Flurstücksgrenze, spot heights), not researched.
- Wording of DIN 18920:2026-06; ISO life-cycle stage of ISO 11091; whether DIN 1356-1:2024-04 / E 2026-09 prescribe status colours and which hatch table they contain; DIN 4023:2023-02 colour codes and rock symbols; ISO 7518 content; DIN 18915 soil groups.
- Seattle current multipliers, Helsinki element weights, Wien GRF, Hamburg, not verified; London UGF only via a secondary reproduction.
- Oke (1987/2017) albedo and emissivity tables, recalled only; PALM tables were read through text extraction.
- LfU Bayern sealing classes (ten classes), limits not verified.
Implications for the element catalog#
(a) Proposed attribute schema per element#
| Attribute | Type | Meaning / source of truth |
|---|---|---|
sealing_class |
enum: unversiegelt_mit_bodenanschluss, unterbaut_begruent, teilversiegelt, vollversiegelt, ueberbaut |
bdla FGP five-class scheme (V); map to UBA wording full / partial sealing |
belagsklasse_berlin |
1–4 / null | Berlin Umweltatlas 01.02 (2017) |
infiltration_factor_abimo, bagrov_n |
number / null | ABIMO per Belagsklasse (Umweltatlas 02.13) |
bff_2021, bff_type, bff_adjust |
0–1, text, text | Berlin BFF, brochure Feb 2021 (16 types) incl. permitted ±0,1 / −0,5 adjustments |
bff_1990 |
0–1 | original list (older Landschaftspläne) |
ugf_london |
0–1 / null | London Plan 2021 Table 8.2 (S) |
runoff_cs, runoff_cm, runoff_source |
0–1, 0–1, text | DIN 1986-100:2016-12 Tab. 9 (= DWA-A 138-1:2024 Tab. 9 with few differences); always store edition |
runoff_psi_m_2005 |
number or range | DWA-A 138:2005 Tab. 2 (legacy) |
pollution_category_dwa102 |
I / II / III / null | depends on use (traffic load, roof material) → attribute of a use/traffic element, not of a surface texture |
albedo, emissivity |
0–1 | PALM lookup tables; optional albedo_range_lit (R) |
klimatop |
enum (11 VDI-type classes, or the 12 operational classes) | for block/land-use elements only; derivable from Versiegelungsgrad + building height (RLP rules) |
status |
existing / proposed / to_be_removed / protected (ISO 13567: E / N / R; T, O, F optional) |
drives line weight, hatch and colour (section b) |
evidence |
V / S / R per coefficient | carry the marks of this file into the data |
Filled-in table for generic surface types. BFF 2021, BFF 1990 and Belagsklasse = V; Cs/Cm and ψm = S; UGF = S; albedo/ε = V (PALM). "-" = no value in the source; do not interpolate.
| Element | sealing_class | Belagsklasse Berlin | BFF 2021 (type) | BFF 1990 | Cs / Cm (DIN 1986-100:2016-12) | ψm (DWA-A 138:2005) | UGF London | Albedo / ε (PALM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asphalt | vollversiegelt | 1 | 0,0 (versiegelt) | 0,0 | 1,0 / 0,9 | 0,9 | 0 | 0,17 / 0,94 |
| Concrete (Betonfläche) | vollversiegelt | 1 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 / 0,9 | 0,9 | 0 | 0,30 / 0,98 |
| Sealed-joint paving (Pflaster mit Fugenverguss / gebundenem Unterbau) | vollversiegelt | 1 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 1,0 / 0,8 | 0,75 | 0 | 0,17 / 0,97 |
| Open-joint paving laid in sand (Betonstein, Klinker, Naturstein, Platten) | teilversiegelt | 2 (large units) / 3 (Klein-, Mosaikpflaster) | 0,1 (teilversiegelt) | 0,3 | 0,9 / 0,7; joint share > 15 %: 0,7 / 0,6 | 0,5 | 0 | 0,17 / 0,97 (sett 0,93) |
| Permeable paving (Sickerpflaster, Dränsteine) | teilversiegelt | n/a | 0,2 (durchlässig) | 0,3 | 0,4 / 0,25 | 0,25 | 0.1 | 0,17 / 0,97 |
| Grass pavers (Rasengittersteine, Rasenfugenpflaster) | teilversiegelt | 4 | 0,4 (begrünt; 0,1 under high use intensity) | 0,5 (0,3 without closed turf) | 0,4 / 0,2 (frequent traffic); 0,2 / 0,1 (infrequent) | 0,15 | 0.1 | n/a |
| Gravel turf (Schotterrasen) | teilversiegelt | 4 | 0,4 (begrünt) | 0,5 | 0,3 / 0,2 | 0,3 | n/a | n/a |
| Water-bound surface (wassergebundene Decke) | teilversiegelt | 4 | 0,1 (teilversiegelt) | 0,3 | 0,9 / 0,7 | , (nearest: fester Kiesbelag 0,6) | 0 | n/a |
| Gravel, loose (Kies, Schotter) | teilversiegelt | 4 (Kiesfläche) | 0,2 (durchlässig: Schotter) | 0,3 | 0,3 / 0,2 (loose); 0,7 / 0,6 (fester Kiesbelag) | 0,3 (loose); 0,6 (fest) | n/a | 0,17 / 0,98 |
| Wood deck / Holzpflaster | teilversiegelt | n/a | 0,1 (Holzpflaster); 0,4 only with high joint share and vegetation | 0,3 / 0,5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0,17 / 0,94 |
| Bare soil (offener Boden) | unversiegelt | n/a | 0,1 only for "offener verdichteter Boden"; loose bare soil is not a BFF type | 0,3 (offener, stark verdichteter Boden) | n/a | 0,3–0,5 (Böschung, by soil type) | n/a | 0,08 / 0,94 |
| Sand (Sandfläche, play sand) | unversiegelt | n/a | 0,2 (durchlässig: Sandflächen) | 0,3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Lawn (Rasen) | unversiegelt | n/a | 1,0 (down to 0,5 for pure Zierrasen) | 1,0 | 0,2 / 0,1 (flat); 0,3 / 0,2 (steep) | 0,0–0,1 (flat); 0,1–0,3 (steep) | 0.4 | 0,25 / 0,95 |
| Meadow (Wiese) | unversiegelt | n/a | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,2 / 0,1 | 0,0–0,1 | 1 (species-rich) | 0,18 / 0,97 |
| Shrubs (Sträucher, Hecken) | unversiegelt | n/a | 1,0 | 1,0 | 0,2 / 0,1 (as Gärten) | 0,0–0,1 | 0.6 (hedge) / 0.5 (groundcover) | 0,25 (deciduous), 0,23 (evergreen) / 0,97 |
| Woodland (Gehölz, Wald) | unversiegelt | n/a | 1,0 | 1,0 | , (use Parkanlagen/Gärten 0,2 / 0,1) | 0,0–0,1 | 1 | 0,17 (deciduous), 0,14 (conifer) / 0,97 |
| Water | n/a | n/a | 0,5 (rain-fed; +0,1 with vegetation) | n/a | 1,0 / 1,0 (DWA-A 138-1: dauerhaft eingestaute Wasserfläche) | n/a | 1 (semi-natural) / 0.2 (chlorinated) | 0,06 / 0,99 |
| Extensive green roof | ueberbaut | n/a | 0,5 (< 20 cm; +0,1 with retention) | 0,7 | < 10 cm: 0,5 / 0,3; ≥ 10 cm: 0,4 / 0,2; slope > 5°: 0,7 / 0,4 | 0,5 (< 10 cm); 0,3 (≥ 10 cm) | 0.7 (≥ 80 mm, GRO) / 0.3 (sedum mat) | n/a |
| Intensive green roof | ueberbaut | n/a | 0,8 (> 50 cm); semi-intensive 15–50 cm: 0,7 | 0,7 | ≥ 30 cm: 0,2 / 0,1 | 0,3 | 0.8 (≥ 150 mm) | n/a |
Design consequences
- One texture is not one coefficient: grass pavers, gravel and green roofs need variants (use intensity, build-up depth, slope). Model these as element parameters, not as separate colours.
- BFF/UGF reward vegetation, the runoff tables reward permeability. Water-bound surfaces show the conflict (BFF 0,1 but Cs 0,9); Frankfurt even denies grass pavers and gravel turf the status "begrünt". Never derive one indicator from another.
- Keep the edition next to every coefficient; three source documents changed or are changing (DWA-A 138-1:2024, DIN 1986-100 draft, DIN 18920:2026-06).
- Ship the four BFF brochure scenarios as unit tests for the indicator function.
(b) Drawing conventions the style must respect#
- Line-width series: only ISO 128 widths 0,13 / 0,18 / 0,25 / 0,35 / 0,5 / 0,7 / 1,0 mm; wide : narrow = 2 : 1. Default set for maps and plans at ≤ 1:100 = line group II: 0,5 (primary outline / cut) – 0,35 (visible and hidden edges) – 0,25 (dimension, leader and axis lines), text 3,5 mm; at ≥ 1:50 = group III: 1,0 – 0,5 – 0,35, text 5,0 mm. Texture strokes stay in the narrowest class (0,13–0,18 mm) so they never compete with outlines; hand-drawn wobble must not change the nominal width class.
- Status semantics (ISO 11091): existing = thin line; proposed = thick line; to be protected = thick chain-line frame; to be removed = thin dashed diagonal hatch, or × marks on the outline (ISO 7518 / BauVorlV). Existing contours thin (continuous or dashed), proposed contours thick.
- Status colours (BauVorlV Bayern, Anlage 1): Bestand grau, geplant rot, zu beseitigen gelb, Grundstücksgrenze violett (long dashes), übernommene Abstandsflächen braun. Provide pastel-compatible but unmistakable versions of exactly these hues, reserve them for status, and always pair the colour with the black-and-white sign (single hatch / cross-hatch / × on outline), because the regulation allows signs or colours.
- Tree symbols: existing = thin crown circle to scale + thick stem circle to scale (diameter at 1 m); proposed = thick crown circle + thin centre cross, not to scale; tree pit = thick square with dashed diagonals; protected = chain-line frame; felling = removal hatch or × plus yellow; every tree carries its number (Baumliste). Add the computed root-protection buffer (Kronentraufe + 1,50 m; columnar + 5,00 m) as a thin chain line.
- Vegetation outlines: shrub and woodland masses with irregular looped outline (thin = existing, thick = proposed); hedges as band (existing thin angular, proposed thick wavy, optionally with plant dots); grass as light random stipple; plant beds as dense regular dots; single shrubs/perennials as dots linked by thin lines to their label; climbers as dot with cross.
- Hard surfaces: the ISO 11091 paving patterns are "representational only", small units = close parallel lines, large units = square grid, cobbles = small irregular rounded outlines. That leaves room for hand-drawn textures as long as the three families stay distinguishable.
- Soil, gravel, sand motifs (DIN 4023 tradition): gravel = open circles on yellow; sand = dots on orange; silt = small paired wedges on olive/green; clay = broken horizontal dashes on violet; peat/humus = short thick dashes on brown; topsoil = "Mu" on yellowish brown; fill = "A". Surface textures for Kies, Sand, Schotter, wassergebundene Decke should reuse circles vs. dots and the yellow / orange hue families so that plans and sections read alike.
- Planning-law colours (PlanZV): Baulinie red, Baugrenze blue, traffic areas goldocker, green areas mid green, water mid blue, agriculture yellow-green, forest blue-green, nature-conservation measures dark green, plan boundary dark grey. Keep the landscape palette inside these families and keep pure red and blue lines free for Baulinie/Baugrenze overlays.
- Climate layers: use the Klimatop class names as vocabulary and the hue order water blue → open land pale mint → green → apricot → orange → light red → red → dark red / magenta for commercial and industrial areas, railways hatched; cold-air areas as blue hatches, air-flow as arrows (blue = cold air, grey = unloaded, black = loaded ventilation path). Classify PET at 23/29/35/41 °C and UTCI at 26/32/38/46 °C. Treat all climate colours as house style until VDI 3787 Blatt 12 appears.
- Minimum dimensions (provisional, unverified): at the smallest intended print scale no stroke thinner than 0,1 mm, no gap smaller than 0,2 mm, no texture element smaller than 0,3 mm, no pattern-filled area smaller than about 1 mm², no lettering below about 1,5 mm.